Experts from the University of Illinois in the United States warned that smoking can cause permanent, irreversible damage to eye tissues, emphasizing that the risk is not limited to smokers but also includes those exposed to secondhand smoke.

The researchers explained that nicotine raises blood pressure and narrows the tiny blood vessels in the eye, limiting oxygen flow to the retina and optic nerve, increasing the likelihood of macular degeneration and glaucoma.

The study also indicated that even electronic cigarettes may cause dry eyes and weaken the tear film due to chemicals that cause inflammation and oxidative stress harmful to eye cells.

The experts recommended quitting smoking and following a diet rich in antioxidants, leafy vegetables, and fish to protect vision and prevent chronic eye diseases.